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Global Issues / Dictatorship
A dictatorship is usually an autocratic form of government which the government is ruled by a dictator. The Roman dictator was a political office of the Roman Republic Empire allocating absolute power during times of emergency. Their power neither arbitrary nor unaccountable being subject to law and requiring justification. There were no dictatorships before the beginning of the 20th Century BCE. Later dictators such as Sulla and the Roman Empires exercised power more personally and arbitrarily. Secondly dictatorship refers to an autocratic form of absolute rule by leadership unrestricted by law constitutions or other social and political factors. Dictatorship is a form of government that has the power to govern without consent of those being governed, while totalitarianism describes that regulates every aspect of public and private behavior of people where the power comes from the dictator and the rule of dictatorship concerns what is the government and the scope of governing power. Government without he peoples consent is dictatorship, government whose power comes from the people is the contrasting government of democracy. Totalitarianism is government controlling every aspect of the peoples life corresponds to liberalism defining government concerns emphasizes individuals rights and liberty dictatorship states shows totalitarians characteristic when government power doesn’t come from the people their power doesn’t comes from the people their power is not limited and tend to expand their scope of power to control every aspect of people’s life. Dictatorship becomes a feature of military government especially in Latin America, Asia and Africa . Many African or Asian formers colonies after achieveing their independence in postwar wave decolonization, presidential regimes were gradually transformed into personal dictatorship. The regimes proved unstable with the personalization of power in the hands of the dictator’s associates making the political system uncertain. During the Cold War the United States and the USSR expanded and maintained their influence zones by financing paramilitary and political groups and encouraging coups d’ etat especially in Africa that have led many states to brutal civil wars and consequent manifestations of authoritarianism. In Latin America the threat of either communism or capitalism was as justification for dictatorship. A list of modern time dictators include
Abdullah of Saudi Arabia – 2005 to present
Sabah Al- Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah – Kuwait 2006 to present
Bashar Assad – Syria 2000 to present
Raul Castro – Cuba 2008 to present
Blaise Compaore Hu Jinto – People’s Republic of China 2002 to present
Kim Jong II – North Korea 1994 to present
Saddam Hussein – Iraq 1979 – 2003
Adolph Hitler – Germany 1933 – 1945
Ayatollah Khomeini – Iran 1979 -1989
Hosni Mubarak – Egypt 1981 to present
Benito Mussolini – Italy 1922-1943
Pervez Musharraf – Pakistan 1998 – 2008
Robert Mugabe – Zimbabwe 1980 to present
Muammar Abu Minyar al- Qadhafi – Libya 1969
Ali Khamenei – Iran 1989 to present
Global Issues / The World Economy
One cannot separate economics, political science and history,. Politics is the control of the economy, history when accurately and fully recorded is that story. These three fields of study are separate, but they are further compartments into separate subfields scaring the close interconnection between them
J.W. Smith: The World's Wasted Wealth (Institute for Economic Democracy) Following a period economic boom a financial hubble global has not burst open. The extent of this problem has been bought out by their competition at low prices. And in other cases the governments of the wealthiest states in the world have resorted to extensive bail-out and rescue packages for the remaining large bank and financial institutions. Bail outs led to charges of hypocrisy due socializing at the costs while they find themselves into trouble crisis for bail and rescue are available for smaller businesses and poorer people. Inequality around the world is increasing while the world is globalizing. International Politics have led a division of domestic resources form domestic needs to western markets. Politics and power-play by elite rulers and leaders have increased poverty. Elite rulers and leaders have manifested themselves in war that is trade and resource related. Poverty is not just an economic issue however it becomes an issue of Political Economics. The traditional meaning of political economy is that branch of government concerned with the systematic inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, although it is used loosely to describe political aspects of economic policy-making. It is possible to identify three broad traditions of political economy which currently influence political science. These are, first, the tradition of classical political economy; secondly, the Marxian tradition; and finally, the tradition of political economics which uses statistical and modeling techniques to test the relationship between government and the economy. Adam Smith defined political economy as a ‘branch of the science of a statesman or legislator’ concerned with the two-fold objective of ‘providing a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people … and supplying the state or commonwealth with a revenue sufficient for the public service. It proposes to enrich both the people and the sovereign nation The methodology of modern political economics relies heavily on statistical and econometric modeling and emphasizes that hypotheses must be both logically formatted and capable of falsehood. The theory of the political business cycle, which claims that governments suspend their particular policy orientation in the run-up to an election in favor of policies which enhance popularity with voters, is a well-known hypothesis for the sub-discipline of political economics.
Global Issue / World Hunger and Poverty
Peter Burnham wrote: the traditions of classical and Marxian political economy have survived and are flourishing because the school of neoclassical economics is often reluctant to consider the political basis and the social implications of capitalist production and distribution. Political economy as a reflexive discipline analyzing the fundamental political issues which arise from the accumulation and distribution of the surplus product in capitalism offers a vigorous challenge to the disciplinary boundaries which characterize modern social science. Hunger and poverty is being solved by providing and growing more food, however this solution will not tackle poverty and that leads to hunger in the first place. To solve world hunger is to solve world poverty. Rich states structures food aid programs. Dumping food to poorer states undercuts farmers who cannot compete and are driven out of jobs and into poverty slanting the market share of larger US and Europe producers. Malnutrition is a general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements necessary for human health. There are two basic types of malnutrition. The first is protein energy malnutrition meaning the lack of enough protein from meat and other sources and food that provides energy which all of the basic food groups provide. This is the type of malnutrition that is referred to when world hunger is discussed.
No one really knows how many people are malnourished. The statistic most frequently cited is that of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization which \ measures under-nutrition. This is 12.6 percent of the estimated world population of 6.6 billion. Most of the undernourished count estimates 820 million are in developing countries. This FAO estimate is based on statistical aggregates. It looks at a country's income level and income distribution and uses this information to estimate how many people receive such a low level of income that they are malnourished. It is not an estimate based on seeing to what extent actual people are malnourished and projecting from there by survey sampling. In July 2008, FAO said an additional 50 million people became undernourished in 2007 due to higher food prices. Under-nutrition is a relatively new concept, but is increasingly used. It should be taken as basically equivalent to malnutrition. Children are the most visible victims of under- nutrition. Children who are poorly nourished suffer up to 160 days of illness each year. Poor nutrition plays a role in at least half of the 10.9 million child deaths each year--five million deaths. Under-nutrition magnifies the effect of every disease, including measles and malaria. Malnutrition can also be caused by diseases, such as the diseases that cause diarrhea, by reducing the body's ability to convert food into usable nutrients. According to the most recent estimate that Hunger Notes could find, malnutrition, as measured by stunting, affects 32.5 percent of children in developing countries the ratio one of three. Geographically, more than 70 percent of malnourished children live in Asia, 26 percent in Africa and 4 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean. In many cases, their plight began even before birth with a malnourished mother. Under-nutrition among pregnant women in developing countries leads to 1 out of 6 infants born with low birth weight. This is not only a risk factor for neonatal deaths, but also causes learning disabilities, mental, retardation, poor health, blindness and premature death.
The world has enough food to feed every living existing homo-sapiens. World agriculture produces 17 percent more calories per person today than it did 30 years ago, despite a 70 percent population increase. This is enough to provide everyone in the world with at least per person per day According to the FAO 2002. The principal problem is that many people in the world do not have sufficient land to grow, or income to purchase, enough food. Poverty is the principle cause of global hunger. The causes of poverty include poor people's lack of resources, an extremely unequal income distribution in the world and within specific countries, conflict, and hunger itself. As of 2008, the World Bank has estimated that there were an estimated 982 million poor people in developing countries who live on $1 a day or less according to statistics from the World Bank, This compares to the FAO estimate of 850 million undernourished people. Extreme poverty remains a problem in the world’s developing regions despite the advances made in the 1990s till now which reduced dollar a day poverty from an estimated 1.23 billion people to 982 million in 2004, a reduction of 20 percent over the period. Progress in poverty reduction has been concentrated in Asia, and especially, East Asia, with the major improvement occurring in China. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of people in extreme poverty has increased.
Poverty is the deprivation of common necessities such as food, clothing, shelter and safe drinking water, all of which determine our quality of life. It may also include the lack of access to opportunities such as education and employment which aid the escape from poverty and/or allow one to enjoy the respect of fellow citizens. About 1/2 of the human population suffers from poverty. Poverty can be measured in terms of absolute or relative poverty. Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and between countries. An example of an absolute measurement would be the percentage of the population eating less food than is required to sustain the human body. The World Bank defines poverty as living on less than $1.USD per day, and moderate poverty less than $2 a day, estimating that 1.1 billion people had consumption levels below $1 a day and 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a day. The proportion of the developing world’s population living in extreme economic poverty fell from 28 percent in 1990 to 21 percent in 2001. Looking at the period 1981-2001, the percentage of the world's population living on less than $1 per day was .50%. Most of this improvement has occurred in East and South Asia. In East Asia the World Bank reported that "The poverty headcount rate at the $2-a-day level is estimated to have fallen to about 27 percent in 2007, down from 29.5 percent in 2006 and 69 percent in 1990. In Sub-Saharan Africa extreme poverty rose from 41 percent in 1981 to 46 percent in 2001, which combined with growing population increased the number of people living in poverty from 231 million to 318 million. Other regions have seen little change. In the early 1990s the transition economies of Eastern Europe and Central Asia experienced a sharp drop in income. Poverty rates rose to 6 percent at the end of the decade before beginning to recede. World Bank data shows that the percentage of the population living in households with consumption or income per person below the poverty line has decreased in each region of the world since 1990.
A Victory Beep:
Nov 12, 2008 | 5:05 PM PST
Category:
Political
Post from
Precinct Captain Richardo Brown., A.S., F.W.S.S.E.'s Blog: Pct.Capt Richardo Brown Reports: Jan. 2009 Inauguration Washington D.C. By
Precinct Captain Richardo Brown - Nov 12th, 2008 at 1:11 pm EST Also listed in:
MI Wayne Team 5803 | Michigan Action Team | TX Call Team Comments |
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Hello Obama/Biden Team for America,
I have already been given an application for the January 2009 Inauguration Washington D.C. of President elect, Barack Obama.
I received this invitation form the college I attend;Marygrove College in Detroit, Michigan.
I'am passing the applications to students in the Student Center Building, because I'am a Student Affairs Office Clerk (FCWS).
We'll depart on Monday January 20th 2009 and Tuesday January 20th attend the swearing in of the new President.Cost $100. USD
Praise: Omnisciencent and Omnipotient God Almighty in Lord Jesus Christ
For a United States Presidential - Elect
Senator Barack Obama
and
Senator Joe Biden
Marygrove College / Detroit, Michigan 
Third World Politics
Political Science 315 Exam II
Part I. Explain what is meant by ONLY Five of the following concepts. (25 Points)
Conference of Bandung McWorld
High Culture Bride Price
Extended family Debt Boomerang
Monroe Doctrine Culture Clash
Group of 77 Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP)
Part II Respond to ONLY THREE of the following essay questions
(75 Points)
1.) Discuss the five reasons mentioned for the economic progress of developing countries; between 1945-1975 and why the relative boom ended rather abruptly after 1975.
2.) Discuss the political advances of women in developing countries, and major types of social problems and issues that they still encounter.
3.) Discuss the situation of on-going conflict in developing countries (states), citinig what has gone on specifically in Cambodia, Cuba, Angola, Ethiopia, and Liberia.
4.) Explain the developing countries (states) based on the effects of possible repercussions on developed countries and policy choices that developing states could make to help themselves.
5.) Explain the difference between a caste and class system, discuss characteristics of the major divisions of classes in developing world states and how indigenous people fare.
6.) Discuss the significance of important political and regional alliances or alignments in developing states and their degree of success or lack of it.
7.) Explain the creation of the international financial institutions under the Bretton Woods system and the relationship of developing states to these institutions.
8.) Discuss the idea of oil politics in developing states since 1973, the notion of water, politics. And forms of intervention by developing states in the Third World affairs.
Here's to you
Obama /Biden 2008
Identify the type of reaction.
NaCl ® Na 1+ + Cl- HCl + NaOH ® NaCl + H2O
Mg + I2 ® MgI2
2P + 3Br2 ® 2 PBr3
AgNO3 + KCl ® AgCl + KNO3
Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 ® 2H2O + Ca(NO3)2
Na2SO4 ® 2Na+ + SO42-
H2SO4 + MgCO3 ® MgSO4 + H2CO3
2Mg + O2 ® 2MgO
C6H12O6 + O2 ® 6CO2 + 6H2O
AgBr + 2S2O32- ® Ag(S2O3)2 3- + Br1-
Cu + AgNO3 ® CuNO3 + Ag
Electrolyte classification of some common substances
Strong Electrolyte Weak Electrolyte Non
electrolyte
HCl, HBr, HI Acetic Acid, HOAc Water
HClO4 HF
CH3OH
HNO3
CH3CH2OH
H2SO4
Sucrose
KBr
Glucose
NaCl
Most compounds of carbon
NaOH, KOH
Other soluble ionic compounds
Predicting whether a reaction goes or not.
Does it form a precipitate?
Does it form a liquid?
Does it form a gas?
First, you must determine what the products might be. Pair the outside elements together and the inside elements together of each starting material.
Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ® what are the products
The outside elements are: Cu and CO3.
The inside elements are: NO3 and Na.
One product would be CuCO3 and the other product would be NaNO3. After determining the product, you need to go back and make sure the chemical formulas are correct for each compound [i.e. do the charges cancel each other out.] In both compounds, the charges cancel each other out. This means that the formulas are correct.
Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ® CuCO3 + NaNO3
You now need to determine the physical states of each product. By looking at the chart, you will determine that sodium nitrate is aqueous or soluble and copper (2) carbonate is insoluble or forms a solid.
Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ® CuCO3 (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
Since one of the products is a solid or ppt, the reaction goes. You now need to finish the problem by balancing the equation.
Practice:
a. NiCl2 (aq) + (NH4)2S (aq) ®
b. AgClO4 (aq) + CaBr2(aq) ®
c. Na2CrO4 (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) ®
d. ZnCl2(aq) + KNO3 (aq) ®
Ionic and molecular equations:
Molecular equation:
Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ® CuCO3 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
Ionic equation:
Cu2+ (aq) + 2NO3 1-(aq) + 2Na1+ (aq) + CO32-(aq)®CuCO3(s) +2Na1+ (aq) + 2NO3 1-(aq)
Net ionic equation:
Cu2+ (aq) + CO32-(aq) ® CuCO3(s)
Is there a product for the following reaction?
CsOH (aq) + HCl (aq) ®
Gas reactions
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) reactions
Molarity M = moles of solute
Liters of solution
Hydrochloric acid is sold commercially as a 12.0 M solution. How many moles of HCl are in 300.0 mL of 12.0 M solution?
What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 2.355 g of sulfuric acid in water and diluting to a final volume of 50.0 mL?
How many grams of solute would you use to prepare 500.0 mL of 1.25 M NaOH?
How many milliliters of a 0.20 M glucose solution are needed to provide a total of 25.0 g of glucose?
Am' I Smart Enough To Get Bin Ladin's
Reward
A Few Moments of Speech 101
Oct 23, 2008 | 12:47 PM PST
Category:
Political
Hello, U.S. Senator Stabenow
VIDEO: Help Barack get out the vote Tuesday, October 21, 2008 6:37 PM From: "Sen. Debbie Stabenow, MI.BarackObama.com"
Add sender to Contacts To: "Richardo Brown Precinct Captain"
Dear Richardo,
Election Day, November 4th, is only 14 days away. The finish line is in sight, but we still have a lot of work left to do to ensure that Barack Obama is the next President of the United States.
We need you to help turn the page on the last eight years of failed Bush-McCain policies. Winning Michigan for Barack and Democrats up and down the ballot will depend on what we do in these final two weeks.
We recorded a short video about the importance of talking with voters and helping to get out the vote (GOTV) in your community and across Michigan.
Watch the video and sign up now for a volunteer shift to help get out the vote: 
Imagine how you'll feel if you wake up on November 5th -- facing four more years of the same Bush-McCain economic policies -- and realize that you didn't do all you could to make sure Barack is the next president.
If you haven't volunteered before, this is the perfect time to take a more active role and help make history. If you have volunteered, you know how important and rewarding it is to talk with voters.
The most crucial time of the campaign will be Election Day and the days leading up to it. Sign up now to help the campaign in the final days and ensure that we elect Barack Obama our next president:
http://mi.barackobama.com/migotv Staff will provide all of the training you need, so no prior experience is necessary.
Thanks,
Debbie Stabenow
U.S. Senator, Michigan
P.S. -- No need to wait to get involved. With over 60 offices across Michigan, it is easy to volunteer. Find your local office here and get involved this weekend:
http://mi.barackobama.com/mioffices 
Visit: MI.BarackObama.com | Email: Michigan@BarackObama.com Paid for by Obama for America
This email was sent to: ah8487@wayne.edu
To unsubscribe, go to: http://my.barackobama.com/unsubscribe
Richardo is a Powerful Activist
Senator...
Six Seats in 13 Days
Wednesday, October 22, 2008 10:13 AM From: "Senator Carl Levin"
Add sender to Contacts To: richbrown1b@yahoo.com
Dear Richardo --
In 13 days, we have an exciting opportunity to close in on the 60 Democratic Senators that we need to overcome Republican filibusters and change direction from the failed policies of the last eight years.
That is why I am renewing my request for you to support the following six Democratic Senate candidates by clicking here:
Mark Begich in Alaska. Mark Udall in Colorado. Ronnie Musgrove in Mississippi. Jeanne Shaheen in New Hampshire. Kay Hagan in North Carolina. Jeff Merkley in Oregon.
Close elections are determined by which campaign is better organized on Election Day, and we need to ensure these candidates have every advantage possible.
The stakes couldn't be higher: our country's economy is at the edge of an economic cliff, 45 million of our citizens still do not have healthcare and our government continues to spend billions on the Iraq War every month with no end in sight.
Confronting these challenges is essential to moving our nation forward. And that's why I hope you will click here to support Mark Begich, Mark Udall, Ronnie Musgrove, Jeanne Shaheen, Kay Hagan, and Jeff Merkley by contributing to their campaigns today!
Thanks for your consideration.
Sincerely,
Carl Levin
PS: Through my ActBlue fundraising page, you can contribute to one, several, or all six of these worthy Democratic candidates. Every contribution will help. Together, we can make a huge difference on November 4. Thank you.
Visit www.carllevin.com
Paid for by Friends of Senator Carl Levin and authorized by Alaskans for Begich, Hagan Senate Committee, Inc., Jeff Merkley for Oregon, Musgrove for U.S. Senate, Jeanne Shaheen for Senate and Udall for Colorado.
To unsubscribe, click here or reply to this email with 'unsubscribe' in the subject line.
To Richardo,
From Senator Hillary Clinton
On the line Wednesday, October 22, 2008 10:39 AM From: "Hillary Clinton" Add sender to Contacts To: richbrown1b@yahoo.com 
Dear Richardo ,
If we Democrats have ever confronted an "all hands on deck" moment, this is it.
We're not just fighting to put Barack Obama in the White House.
We're throwing everything we've got into making sure he stands before the nation as a President with the political strength to break the gridlock, get things done, and start progress going in America again. And with a filibuster-proof Senate, we'll be able to bring the change this country so desperately needs.
We are so close to this incredible accomplishment. With twelve states in play -- including red states like Georgia, Mississippi and Kentucky -- this is our best ever opportunity to bring change. The DSCC is depending on you to raise $750,000 online by the end of this week.
With just 12 days to go, making this goal is so critical that a group of my Democratic Senate colleagues will match every dollar you give before midnight Friday 2-to-1, effectively tripling your contribution. Even as little as $5 from you can make a big difference to making this goal.
Click here to rush a last-minute contribution of $5, or more to the DSCC. Your urgent action could make the difference for so many breakthrough Senate victories.
If we want to strengthen Barack Obama's ability to lead, we need to give him a filibuster-proof Democratic Senate to work by his side.
Getting there means switching nine Senate seats from Republican to Democratic hands. Right
