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Manage | Logout | Search Blogs Post from Precinct Captain Richardo Brown., A.S., F.W.S.S.E.'s Blog: International Relations By Precinct Captain Richardo Brown - Oct 7th, 2008 at 3:26 pm EDT Also listed in: MI Wayne Team 5803 Comments | Mail to a Friend | Report Objectable Content

Richardo Brown

International Politics / International Relations

Chapter 4: Foreign Policy

Foreign policies are government strategies used by the government to guide their actions in the international arena. Foreign Policies spell out objectives, state leaders have decided to pursue in a given relationship or situation. The actions of a state in the international arena result from individual human choices by the citizenry, political leaders, diplomats and bureaucrats moving through the states internal structures. States establish various organizational structures and functional relations to create and carry foreign policies. Officials and agencies collect information about a situation through various channels, writing memoranda’s outlining positive options for action, also holding meetings to discuss the matter. Some of them meet privately outside the meetings to decide how to steer the meetings.

Comparative foreign policy is foreign policy in various states to discover similar societies or governments have similar types of foreign policy with focus on size wealth and extent of democratic participation in government.

Some political scientist tried to interpret states foreign policies in terms of each ones political culture and history. Decision making is the foreign policy process, and states take action because governmental people called decision makers choose those actions to steer adjustments made as a result of feedback from the outside world. Groupthink refers to group who reach decisions without assessing their consequences and that’s where individuals members go along with ideas they think others support.

A case of groupthink; President Ronald Reagan’s close friend and director of the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) William Casey ran covert operations across three continents using the National Security Agency (NSC) staff in the White House basement. The NSC sold weapons to Iran in exchange for freedom of hostages held in Lebanon and used the Iran payments to illegally fund Nicaraguan contra rebels. The Iran–Contra scandal resulted when the operation’s manager NSC aid Oliver North became public.

Bureaucracies are the closest sub-states to the foreign policy process and the state’s bureaucratic agencies maintaining the development and carrying out foreign policy. Domestic policy is shaped not only for internal dynamics if individuals and group decision making but by the states and societies within the decision makers operating boundaries. Different states have different have different foreign policy and still share common elements.

Diplomats are one part of a states diplomatic corp. or Foreign Service of diplomats working in embassies in foreign capitals and consulates located in non-capital foreign cities, as well as remaining at home to help coordinate foreign policy. States appointed Ambassadors as the official representative to other states and to international organizations. Diplomatic activities are organized by Foreign Ministry or equivalent U.S. State Department. Diplomats provide information that goes into making a foreign policies rather than the role of carrying out one. Interest groups are coalitions who share a common interest of some political issue outcome and organize trying to influence the outcome. They lobby for desired legislation and contribute to politicians’ campaigns. Interest groups form around businesses, labor unions, churches, veterans, senior citizens, members of an occupation or citizens concerned about a issue such as the environment. Lobbying is talking with legislation, or other official to influence their decisions on some set of issues. The three most important elements into lobbying are the ability to gain a hearing with busy officials, the ability to present cogent arguments for one’s case, and the ability to trade favors in return for positive action on an issue. The favors are legal and illegal, ranging from campaign contributions, dinners at nice restaurants, and trips to golf resorts, securing illicit sexual liaisons, and paying bribes. In some states corruption is a major problem in governmental decision making.

Tensions are common between state leaders and foreign policy bureaucrats. Diplomats orientate new leaders and their appointee, and control the flow of information they receive with information screens. Politicians exercise power over formal bureaucrats because politicians can turn bureaucratic and be easily controlled. Top political leaders and bureaucrats form an interagency tension using the saying where you stand is depending on where you sit. An example of bureaucratic rivalry is the US State department and the CIA because of the influence on foreign policy as a influence that extends far beyond bureaucratic agencies because their actors have their own goal which they seek to advance by foreign policy.

Economics

Macroeconomics looks at the operation of a nation’s economy as a whole, and micro economics looks at the behavior of people and organizations in particular market. Macroeconomics looks at how many jobs exist in the whole economy, microeconomics examine how many people will be hired in a particular industry or in a certain region of the country.

Businesses contribute the economic system and resource development by inventing products to increase available resources. Businesses discover new energy resources and new ways of growing food.

Some economist believe there are too many people in the world and the solution to poverty is birth control , while other economist believe freedom is vital to economy, the freedom to own land or property and to keep profits from controlling the land or running business. An economy grows and profits through production of goods and services. People working for their own benefit will provide goods and services to others who need them. Wealthy business owners have to hire workers to provide goods and services so their company has plenty of goods and services and many people have jobs.

The foundation of the US economic system is capitalism. In a capitalist system the factors of production and distribution are privately owned and not owned by government operating for profit. Business people decide what to produce, how much to pay workers, how much to charge for goods and services, and decide whether to produce goods domestically, import them or contract other countries to have goods made , to serve the countries they provide manufacturing to. The four basic rights of capitalism or free market system are: the right to private property, the right to own a business, and keep the profits, the right to freedom of competition and the right to freedom of choice. In countries where there are no mechanisms for business to determine what or how much to produce there are often shortages or surpluses. In these countries the government decides what to produce in what quantities, but the government has no way of knowing proper quantities.

A monopoly exist where there is only one seller for a product of service. One seller controls the supply and so could raise the prices dramatically. Laws in the United States prohibit monopolistic competition except for utility service monopolies. Monopolist competitions exist when a large number of sellers say different. The product’s differentiation is the key to success in competitive situation. Oligopoly is that only a few sellers dominate the market, for example coffee, cereal and the soft drink market. Investment to enter an oligopoly is high and prices are similar, and once again product differentiation is the main factor in market success.

The free market benefits industrialized countries and that is a major factor for creating the wealth those countries enjoy. Free market encourages businesses to be efficient enough to compete on prices and quality. Capitalism ahs brought prosperity to the US and many other countries in the world, and it also has brought inequality of wealth because business owners have made more money and has more wealth than workers. There will be people unable and unwilling to work or start a business’ and others without the talent or motivating drives to do so. This brings about the capitalism or free market danger that people will let greed dictate how they act in order to increase personal assets.

Richardo Brown / A00196112

Political Science #160

International Politics

International Relations: Journal #8

International Trade

My conclusions are: this high technology-state of the art global civilization that we are living in benefits from exchange determined with many buyers and sellers determining prices by market equilibrium, or supply and demand (ceteris paribus). The politics in international markets uses economic sanctions on a target state for political leverage. The most important global trade agreement is the World Trade Organization. Large corporations that manufacture goods such as automobiles, mining, aviation, agriculture, for and to the global need, so regional free areas such as NAFTA will change to commerce in economic trade has not been completed. Even though beneficial deals have been made by the countries involves. Political conflicts between states and countries involve intellectual property, food military goods and services. Reciprocity is used to enforce rules of trade, hoping for a state’s cooperation or a state’s punishment for refusal to let in foreign products into the open market. These political sanctions are difficult to enforce and all major economic actors in the international market must abide by them to have a liberalism per se international cooperation to include the creation of wealth in exchange to favor the mercantilism to increase political state power. This is a example of the successful economics that the state of China is making transition in the global trade.

Because religion is the core of a community’s value system in much of the world, religious practices different and are easily disdained and treated as unworthy or inhuman. Religious differences hold potential for conflict and making existing conflicts intractable because religion involves core values held as the absolute truth. Currently violent conflicts are prosecuted in the name of all. The world’s major religious conflict, the U.S. war on terror is directed against a network of Islamic terrorist not against terrorism. Islam is the religion practiced by Muslims includes Sunni Muslims (the majority), Shi’ite, Muslims and smaller branches and sects. International conflicts between Muslims and Non Muslims in result of geographical and historical circumstances including colonialism and oil. Islamist groups are based on government and Islamic Law. Armed Islamic groups vary tremendously, in the particular Sunni and Shi’ites wing Islam lead to violence in Iraq. Shi’ites ruled Sunnis in Iraq.

Historically military is the most effective in controlling territory and wars have often withdrawn borders of states. Drug trafficking is smuggling as a form of illegal trade across international borders. It deprives states of revenue and violates states legal control of there borders. Smuggling is a economic issue not a general one. Drug trafficking supplies illegal products treated as a illegal threat in security because of natural morale and efficiency.

Military Force and Terrorism

Estimated Great Power Military Capabilities 2001 -2006

Country Soldiers (M) Tanks Carrier/ Combat Airplanes Nuclear Weapons

Warships/

Submarines

United States 1.5 10,000 11/112/74 3,600 10,000

Russia 1.0 20,000 1/40/69 1,800 16,000

China 2.3 10,000 0/29/6 2,100 410

France 0.3 1,000 0/19/12 300 350

Britain 0.2 1,000 0/36/16 300 200

Germany 0.2 3,000 0/14/0 400 0

Japan 0.2 1,000 0/39/20 300 0

Ballistic Missile Capabilities

Country Range (Miles) Potential Targets

United States 13,000 (World)

Russia 13,000 (World)

China 13,000 (World)

Britain 4,600
(World; Submarine- Launched)

France 3,700 [4,600] (World; Submarine- Launched)

North Korea 800 [3,500] South Korea, Russia, China [All Asia]

Iran
900 [3,500] Iraq, Kuwait, Afghanistan, Israel

      [Europe to Asia]

Israel 900 [3,500] &nbs

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